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Heat Pumps

A heat pump extracts heat from a source and transfers it to a sink at a higher temperature. According to this definition, all pieces of refrigeration equipment, including air conditioners and chillers with refrigeration cycles, are heat pumps. In engineering, however, the term heat pump is generally reserved for equipment that heats for beneficial purposes, rather than that which removes heat for cooling only. Dual-mode heat pumps alternately provide heating or cooling.

The preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.4, Applied Heat Pump/ Heat Recovery Systems.

Heat reclaim heat pumps provide heating only, or simultaneous heating and cooling. An applied heat pump requires competent field engineering for the specific application, in contrast to the use of a manufacturer-designed unitary product. Applied heat pumps include built-up heat pumps (field- or custom-assembled from components) and industrial process heat pumps. Most modern heat pumps use a vapor compression (modified Rankine) cycle or an absorption cycle. Any of the other refrigeration cycles discussed in Chapter 1 of the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals are also
suitable. Although most heat pump compressors are powered by electric motors, limited use is also made of engine and turbine drives. Applied heat pump systems are most commonly used for heating and cooling buildings, but they are gaining popularity for efficient domestic and service water heating, pool heating, and industrial process heating.

Applied heat pumps having capacities ranging from 24,000 to 150,000,000 Btu/h operate in many facilities. Some of these machines are capable of output water temperatures up to 220°F and steam pressures up to 60 psig.

Compressors in large systems vary from one or more reciprocating or screw types to staged centrifugal types. A single or central system is often used, but in some instances, multiple heat pump systems are used to facilitate zoning. Heat sources include the ground, well water, surface water, gray water, solar energy, the air, and internal building heat. Compression can be single-stage or multistage. Frequently, heating and cooling are supplied simultaneously to separate zones.

Decentralized systems with water loop heat pumps are common, using multiple water-source heat pumps connected to a common circulating water loop. They can also include ground coupling, heat rejectors (cooling towers and dry coolers), supplementary heaters (boilers and steam heat exchangers), loop reclaim heat pumps, solar collection devices, and thermal storage. The initial cost is relatively low, and building reconfiguration is easily accommodated.

Community and district heating and cooling systems based on both centralized and distributed heat pump systems are feasible.

Heat Resources

 

 

 
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